Klamath-Salmon Natural History Library | Klamath River Spring Chinook Salmon

Anonymous (1990). Status and management of spring-run chinook salmon, Calfornia Department of Fish and Game, Inland Fisheries Division.

Anonymous (1993). Salmon and Steelhead populations of the Klamath-Trinity basin.

Anonymous (1997). 1997 Spring chinook salmon and summer steelhead trout census (Clear, Dillon, Elk, Independence, Indian, Rock, Thompson, and Wooley Creeks). Siskiyou County, California, Klamath National Forest, Happy Camp and Ukonom Ranger Districts.

Anonymous (1997). An improved implementation of the harvest rate model for Klamath River chinook salmon, U.S. Department of Commerce, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southwest Fisheries Science Center.

Aguilar, B. (1995). Capture and coded-wire tagging of naturally produced chinook salmon in the Trinity River Basin. Chapter II Job II., California Department of Fish and Game, Inland Fisheries Division (Available from California Department of Fish and Game, Inland Fisheries Division, 1416 Ninth St., Sacramento, CA 95814.): 35-52.

Aguilar, B., L. D. Davis, et al. (1996). Annual report: Trinity River basin salmon and steelhead monitoring project 1993-1994 season., California Department of Fish and Game, Inland Fisheries Division (Available from California Department of Fish and Game, Inland Fisheries Division, 1416 Ninth St., Sacramento, CA 95814.): 266.

Allen, M. A. and T. J. Hassler (1986). Species profiles: life histories and environmental requirements of coastal fishes and invertebrates (Pacific Southwest)--chinook salmon, US Fish and Wildlife Service: 26.

American Indian Technical Services, I. (1982). Anthropological study of the Hupa, Yurok, and Karok Indian Tribes of Northwestern California: Final Report. Sacramento, US Department of Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs: 225.

"Very detailed study of the use and importance of fishing and fishery resources, past and present, to the Hupa, Yurok, and Karuk, prepared as background for Indian fishing rights litigation." - Joan Berman

Banks, M. and M. Bartron (1999). Microsatellite DNA variation among Klamath River chinook salmon sampled from fall and spring runs, Yurok Fisheries Program (Available from Bodega Marine Laboratory, P.O. Box 247, Bodega Bay, CA 94923.).

Barnhart, R. A. (1995). Salmon and steelhead populations of the Klamath-Trinity Basin, California. Klamath Basin Fisheries Symposium, Humboldt State University, Arcata, CA, California Cooperative Fishery Research Unit.

Bartley, D. (1987). The genetic structure of chinook and coho salmon populations in California, with a note on the genetic variability in Sturgeon (Acipenseridae). Davis, CA, University of California: 210.

Bartley, D. M., B. Bentley, et al. (1992). "Geographic variation in population genetic structure of chinook salmon from California and Oregon." Fishery Bulletin, U.S. 90: 77-100.

Bartley, D. M. and G. A. E. Gall (1990). "Genetic structure and gene flow in chinook salmon populations of California : with a note on the genetic variability in sturgeon (Acipenseridae)." Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 119: 55-71.

Bartley, D. M., G. A. E. Gall, et al. (1990). "Biochemical genetic detection of natural and artificial hybridization of chinook and coho salmon in northern California." Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 119: 431-437.

Beacham, T. D. and C. B. Murray (1990). "Temperature, egg size, and development of embryos and alevins of five species of Pacific salmon: a comparative analysis." Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 119(6): 927-943.

Beals, R. L. and J. A. Hester Jr., Eds. (1974). California Indians I : Indian land use and occupancy in California. American Indian Ethnohistory : California and Basin-Plateau Indians. New York, Garland Publishing Inc.

Bearss, E. C. (1981). Hoopa-Yurok fisheries suit, Hoopa Valley Indain Reservation, Del Norte and Humboldt Counties: History Resource Study. Denver, CO, National Park Service, Denver Service Center.

"Twenty-three chapters cover specific historic events or activities which have had some effect on fisheries activities. Excellent historical compilation on a broad range of topics. Complements the American Indian Technical Service, Inc. 1982 study of the ethnographic literature for the same purpose." - Joan Berman

Beechie, T. and S. Bolton (1999). "An approach to restoring salmonid habitat-forming processes in Pacific Northwest waterhseds." Fisheries 24(4): 6-15.

Bennyhoff, J. A. (1950). "California fish spears and harpoons." University of California Anthropological Records 9(4): 295-338.

"Definitive work on the subject with extensive coverage of Northwestern California." - Joan Berman

Berman, J. (1986). Ethnography and folklore of the Indians of northwestern California: a literature review and annotated bibliography. Salinas, CA, Coyote Press.

Berry, S. (1979). Taking Back the Land: Problems on Yurok tribal sovereignty, Brown University: 84.

"Discussion of Yurok land claims and the relationship of land to both political and economic sovereignty and also to fishing rights. Excellent coverage of a complicated subject." - Joan Berman

Bjornn, T. C. An assessment of adult losses, production rates, and escapements for wild spring and summer chinook salmon in the snake river. Moscow, Idaho, US Fish and Wildlife Service, Idaho, Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of Idaho.

Bohn, B. R. and H. E. Jensen Investigation of scale patterns as a means of identifying races of spring chinook salmon in the Columbia River. Clackamas, OR, Fish Commisssion of Oregon, Research Division: 28-36.

Burck, W. A. Growth of juvenile spring chinook salmon in Lookingglass creek. Elgin, Oregon, Fish commission of Oregon, research division: 37-43.

California Department of Fish and Game (1995). Klamath River fall chinook salmon run-size, in-river harvest and spawner escapement - 1995 season, California Department of Fish and Game: 8.

California Department of Fish and Game (1999). Klamath River Basin fall chinook salmon spawner escapement, in-river harvest and run-size estimates 1978-1999. Arcata, CA, California Department of Fish and Game: 10.

California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG) (1965). California Fish and Wildlife Plan. Sacramento, CA, (Available from California Department of Fish and Game, Inland Fisheries Division, 1416 Ninth St., Sacramento, CA 95814.).

Campbell, E. A. and P. Moyle (1990). Historical and recent populations sizes of spring-run chinook salmon in California. Northeast Pacific chinook and coho salmon workshops and proceeding, Humboldt State University, Arcata, CA.

Campbell, E. A. and P. Moyle (1992). Effects of temperature, flow, and disturbance on adult spring-run chinook salmon. Davis, CA, University of California, Water Resources Center.

Chartkoff, J. L. and K. K. Chartkoff (1975). "Late-period settlement of the middle Klamath River of Northwest California." American Antiquity 40(2): 172-179.

"Studied 160 prehistoric habitation sites to determine what environmental factors regulated site placement, concluding that the most important positive factor was ease of access to anadromous fish. Supports Baumhoff's 1963 population figures for the Karuk." - Joan Berman

Clarke, W. C., R. E. Withler, et al. (1992). "Genetic control of juvenile life history pattern in chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 49: 2300-2306.

Cobb, J. N. (1930). Pacific salmon fisheries, Bureau of Fisheries: 409-704.

Coey, R. (1991). Effects of sedimentation on incubating coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), Prairie Creek, California.

Davis, S. F. and M. J. Unwin (1989). "Freshwater life history of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in the Rangitata River catchment, New Zealand." New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 23: 311-319.

Department of Fish and Game - Region 1, Y. F. U. (1982). Memorandum to Dick Wood of the Resource Agency regarding the Siskiyou County spring run king salmon and steelhead inventories - 1982.

DesLaurier, G. C. and R. A. Barnhart (1990). Spring chinook salmon habitat requirements in the Salmon River, Klamath River Basin, California. Arcata, CA, USDA Forest Service and US Fish and Wildlife Service.

DesLaurier, G. C. and J. R. West (1990). 1990 Adult spring Chinook and summer Steelhead census, Salmon River, California. Yreka, CA, USDA Forest Service.

Dill, L. M. (1969). The sub-gravel behavior of Pacific Salmon larvae. Symposium of Salmon and Trout in streams, University of British Columbia, H.R. MacMillan Lectures in Fisheries.

Dolloff, C. A. and G. H. Reeves (1990). "Microhabitat partitioning among stream-dwelling juvenile coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch, and Dolly Barden, Salvelinus malma." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 47: 2297-2306.

Elder, D., B. Olson, et al. (2002). Salmon River Subbasin Restoration Strategy: Steps to Recovery and Conservation of Aquatic Resources. Yreka, CA, US Fish and Wildlife Service.

Field-Dodgson, M. S. (1983). "Emergent fry trap for salmon." Progressive Fish Culturist 43(3): 175-176.

Fisher, J. and W. G. Pearcy (1989). "Distribution and residence times of juvenile fall and spring chinook salmon in Coos Bay, Oregon." Fishery Bulletin, U.S. 88: 51-58.

Fraidenberg, M. E. and R. H. Lincoln (1985). "Wild chinook management : an international conservation challenge." North American Journal of Fisheries Management 5: 311-329.

Fraley, J. J., M. A. Gaub, et al. (1986). "Emergence trap and holding bottle for the capture of salmonid fry in streams." North American Journal of Fisheries Management 6: 119-121.

Fraser, F. J., D. D. Bailey, et al. (1978). Big Qualicum River Salmon Development Project (Volume III). Vancouver, B.C., Resource Services Branch, Fisheries and Marine Services, Department of Fisheries and the Environment.

Frissell, C. (1989). Evolution of the salmonid fishes: zoogeography and the fossil record. Department of Fisheries and Wildlife. Corvallis, OR, Oregon State University.

Gharrett, A. J. and W. W. Smoker, Eds. (1993). Genetic components in life history traits contribute to population structure. Genetic conservation of salmonid fisheries. New York, Plenum Press.

Gilbert, C. H. (1912). "Age at maturity of Pacific coast salmon of the genus Oncorhynchus." Bulletin of the United States Fish Comission 32: 57-70.

Grunbaum, J. 1996/1997 New Year's Flood - Effects on anadromous fish habitat in: Elk, Indian, and Dillon Creeks; and the Lower Salmon River. Happy Camp, CA, USDA Forest Service.

Gunther, E. (1926). "An analysis of the first salmon ceremony." American Anthropologist 28: 605-617.

Gunther, E. (1928). "A further analysis of the first salmon ceremony." University of Washington Publications in Anthropology 2(5): 129-173.

"The second [Gunther] title has more mention of Northwestern California examples, describing the Yurok as a case where the ceremony is fully integrated with the ritual patterns of the group. (Information is solely from Kroeber)." - Joan Berman

Handley, J. and M. Coots (1953). "The removal of abandoned dams in the upper Klamath River drainage, California." California Fish and Game 39(3): 365-374.

Hankin, D. G. (1985). CWT analyses for TRH spring chinook. Supplement to analyses of recovery data for marked chinook salmon released from Irongate and Trinity River hatcheries report, Klamath River Fisheries Management Council.

Hankin, D. G. (1987). Effects of month of release on size at age, age of maturity, ocean fishery exploitation rates, and survival rates of spring and fall chinook salmon released from public hatcheries in Oregon and Northern California, Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife.

Harrelson, C., C. L. Rawlins, et al. (1994). Stream channel reference sites: an illustrated guide to field technique. Fort Collins, CO, USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Tange Experiment Station.

Hassler, T. J. (1990). Proceedings of the 1990 Northeast Pacific Chinook and Coho Salmon Workshop. Northeast Pacific Chinook and Coho Salmon Workshop, Arcata, CA, California Cooperative Fishery Research Unit, Humboldt State University.

Healey, M. C. (1983). "Coastwide distribution and ocean migration patterns of stream- and ocean-type chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha." Canadian Field Naturalist 97: 427-433.

Healey, M. C. (1991). The life history of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawyscha). Pacific Salmon Life Histories. Groot and L. Margolis. Vancouver B.C., University of British Columbia Press: 311-393.

Healey, M. C. (1994). "Variation in the life history characteristics of chinook salmon and its relevance to conservation of the Sacramento winter run of chinook salmon." Conservation Biology 8(3): 876-877.

Heifetz, J. (1982). Use of radio telemetry to study upriver migration of adult Klamath River chinook salmon. Arcata, CA, Humboldt State University.

Hewes, G. W. (1947). Aboriginal use of fishery resources in northwestern North America. Anthropology Departmentq. Berkeley, CA, University of Berkeley.

"Field work 1940. Develops estimates of the pre-commercial fishery (15% of the commercial catch) while attempting to determine the effect of the Indian "subsistence" fishing on the subsequent commercial fishery. Says there is no convincing evidence that the Indians practiced fish or game conservation as we know it now." - Joan Berman

Higgins, P., S. Dobush, et al. (1992). Factors in northern California threatening stocks with extinction. Arcata, CA, Humboldt Chapter of the American Fisheries Society: 24.

Hill, K. A. and J. D. Webber (1999). Butte Creek spring-run chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, juvenile outmigration and life history 1995-1998, California Department of Fish and Game, Inland Fisheries Division.

Hillmeier, D. C. (1999). Summer habitat utilization by adult spring chinook salmon (Onchorhynchus tshawytscha), South Fork Trinity River, California. Arcata, CA, Humboldt State University: 93 p.

Holtby, L. B., T. McMahon, E., et al. (1989). "Stream temperatures and inter-annual variability in the emigration timing of coho salmon (Oncorhynvhus kisutch) smolts and fry and chum salmon (O. Keta) fry from Carnation Creek, British Columbia." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 46: 1396-1405.

Hopkins, C. L. and M. J. Unwin (1986). "River residence of juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in the Takaia River, South Island, New Zealand." New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 21: 163-174.

Hostetler, S. W. (1991). "Analysis and modeling of long-term stream temperatures of the Steamboat Creek Basin, Oregon: Implications for land use and fish habitat." Water Resources Bulletin 27(4): 637-647.

Hunt, S. L., T. J. Mulligan, et al. (1999). "Oceanic feeding habits of chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, off northern California." Fishery Bulletin, U.S. 97: 717-721.

Huntington, C., W. Nehlsen, et al. (1996). "A survey of healthy native stocks of anadromous salmonids in the Pacific Northwest and California." Fisheries 21(3): 6-14.

Johnson, O. W. (1988). Induced triploidy in Pacific salmon. Seattle, WA, University of Washington: 137.

Kirk, S. V. (1994). Historical Information of Redwood Creek, National Park Service, US Department of the Interior: 32.

Klamath River Basin Fisheries Task Force (KRBFTF) (1991). Long range plan for the Klamath River Basin Conservation Area Fishery Restoration Program, (Available from US Fish and Wildlife Service, Klamath River Fishery Resource Office, PO Box 1006, Yreka, CA 96097.): 339.

Klamath River Fisheries Assessment Program. Annual report, Klamath River Fisheries Assessment Program. Arcata, CA, US Fish and Wildlife Service, Fisheries Assistance Office.

Klamath River Fisheries Investigation Program Annual report, Klamath River Fisheries Investigation Program. Arcata, CA, Fisheries Assistance Office, US Fish and Wildlife Service.

Klamath River Technical Advisory Team (1991). Klamath River Basin spring chinook salmon run size forecast - 1991, Klamath River Fishery Management Council.

Klamath River Technical Advisory Team (1992). Spring chinook run-size projection methodology, Klamath River Fishery Management Council.

Klamath River Technical Advisory Team (1993). Trinity River Hatchery spring chinook cohort reconstruction report, Klamath River Fishery Management Council.

Krakker, J. J. (1991). Utilization of the Klamath River estuary by juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tsawytscha), 1986. Arcata, CA, Humboldt State University.

Kroeber, A. L. and S. A. Barrett (1960). Fishing among the Indians of northwestern California. Berkeley, University of California Press.

"Extremely detailed coverage of many aspects of this subject. Includes maps, photos and measurements of everything measureable." - Joan Berman

Leidy, R. A. and G. R. Leidy (1984). Life stage periodicities of anadromous salmonids in the Klamath River basin, northwestern California. Sacramento, CA, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Division of Ecological Services.

Levings, C. D., C. D. McAllister, et al. (1986). "Differential use of the Campbell River estuary, British Columbia, by wild and hatchery-reared juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 43: 1386-1397.

McCain, M. Natal stream rearing habitat of juvenile chinook salmon in Hurdygurdy Creek, California. Arcata, CA, Humboldt State University, Department of Fisheries: 6.

McCain, M. (1990). Temporal shifts in habitat preference by juvenile chinook salmon in Hurdygurdy Creek, CA. Arcata, CA, Humboldt State University.

McCain, M. (1992). "Comparison of habitat use and availability for juvenile fall chinook salmon in a tributary of the Smith River, CA." FHR Currents, R-5 Fish Habitat Relationship Technical Bulletin, USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region 7: 1-9.

McGregor, E. A. (1922). "Observations of the egg yield of Klamath River king salmon." California Fish and Game 8: 161-164.

McGregor, E. A. (1923). "A possible separation of the river races of king salmon in ocean-caught fish by means of anatomical characters." California Fish and Game 9: 138-150.

McIntyre, J. D. (1985). A model for estimation deficits in the size of spawning stocks for spring chinook salmon in tributaries of the Upper Columbia River. Seattle, WA, US Fish and Wildlife Service, National Fishery Research Center.

Moffett, J. W. and S. H. Smith (1950). Biological investigations of the fishery resources of Trinity River, California, US Fish and Wildlife.

Moyle, P. B., R. M. Yoshiyama, et al. (1995). Fish Species of Special Concern in California. Rancho Cordova, California Department of Fish and Game, Inland Fisheries Division.

Murray, C. B. and T. D. Beacham (1986). "Effect of incuation density and substrate on the development of chum salmon eggs and alevins." Progressive Fish Culturist 48: 242-249.

Myers, J. M., R. G. Kope, et al. (1998). Status review of chinook salmon from Washington, Idaho, Oregon, and California. Seattle, WA, U.S. Department of Commerce: 443.

A thorough literature review and biological analysis of chinook stocks throughout the Pacific Northwest. It was developed for purposes of determining which stocks should be protected under the Endangered Species Act. Evolutionarily Significant Units (ESUs) of chinook salmon are identified and evaluated separately. Includes information about general biology and ecology, life history, genetics, extinction risk analysis, and listing decisions. Chinook of the Mid-Klamath and Salmon River subbasins are are reviewed as a part of the "Upper Klamath and Trinity Rivers ESU", in several different chapters. Includes a discussion of why Klamath River spring chinook were not designated as a separate ESU.

Nakamoto, R. J. (1994). "Charachteristics of pools used by adult summer steelhead oversummering in the New River, California." Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 123: 757-765.

National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) (1996). Factors for decline: A supplement to the Notice of Determination or West Coast Steelhead under the Endangered Species Act. Portland, OR, NMFS Protected Species Branch: 82.

This document summarizes much of the pertinent literature, discussing geographic scope, technical, physical, and biological factors that affect the range of Spring chinook as well as steelhead.

National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) (1998). Factors contributing to the decline of chinook salmon: an addendum to the 1996 west coast steelhead factors for decline report. Portland, OR, NMFS Protected Resources Division: 74.

Nehlsen, W., J. E. Williams, et al. (1991). "Pacific Salmon at the crossroads : stocks at risk from California, Oregon, Idaho, and Washington." Fisheries 16(2): 4-21.

Nei, M. (1972). "Genetic distance between populations." American Naturalist 106: 283-292.

Nei, M. (1978). "Estimation of average heterozygosity and genetic distance from a small number of individuals." Genetics 89: 583-590.

Nicholas, J. W. and D. G. Hankin (1988). Chinook salmon populations in Oregon coastal river basins: Description of life histories and assessment of recent trends in run strengths, Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife: 359.

Olson, A. (1996). Freshwater rearing strategies of spring Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in Salmon River Tributaries, Klamath Basin, California. Arcata, CA, Humboldt State University.

Olson, A. and R. A. Barnhart (1992). Spring chinook salmon habitat requirements in the Salmon River, Klamath River Basin, California. Arcata, CA, Klamath National Forest and US Fish and Wildlife Service.

Olson, A. and O. Dix (1993). Lower Salmon River sub-basin fish habitat condition and utilization assessment. Yreka, CA, USDA Forest Service, Klamath National Forest.

Olson, A. and O. J. Dix (1992). Salmon, Scott, and Mid-Klamath sub-basin spawning ground utilization surveys. Yreka, CA, USDA Forest Service, Klamath Naitonal Forest.

Olson, A. and J. R. West (1989). Evaluation of instream fish havitat restoration structure in Klamath River tributaries, 1988/1989. Yreka, CA, USDA Forest Service, Klamath National Forest.

Olson, A. and L. Wold (1992). Summer steelhead conservation strategy: Klamath National Forest and Mid-Klamath tributaries. Yreka, CA, USDA Forest Service, Klamath National Forest.

Olson, B. J. (1997). Freshwater habitat utilization by juvenile fall chinook salmon Oncorhyncus tshawytcha in Camp Creek, Klamath Basin, California. Arcata, CA, Humboldt State University.

Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (1995). Letter to M. Schiewe regarding west coast chinook salmon status review by D. McIsaac, 9 October 1997,, (Available from Environmental and Technical Services Division, National Marine Fisheries Services, 525 N.E. Oregon St., Suite 500, Portland, OR 97232.).

Pacific Fishery Management Council (PFMC) (1994). Klamath River fall chinook report: An assessment of the status of the Klamath River fall chinook stock as required under the salmon fishery management plan, Pacific Fishery Management Council (Available from Pacific Fishery Management Council, 2130 SW Fifth Avenue, Suite 224, Portland, OR 97201.): 20.

Pacific Fishery Management Council (PFMC) (1996). Review of the 1995 ocean salmon fisheries, Pacific Fishery Management Council (Available from Pacific Fishery Management Council, 2130 SW Fifth Avenue, Suite 224, Portland, OR 97201.): 115.

Peterson, N. P. (1982). "Population characteristics of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) overwintering in riverine ponds." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 39: 1303-1307.

Phillips, R. W. and K. V. Koski (1969). "A fry trap method for estimating salmonid survival from egg deposition to fry emergence." J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 26: 133-141.

Pisano, M. (1993). Final performance report. Salmon and steelhead research, management and enhancement project: Study 2. Klamath River Project, Report submitted to NMFS, Southwest Region.

Pisano, M. (1995). Final Performance Report: Salmon and steelhead research, management and enhancement project, July 1, 1994-June 30, 1995., US Fish and Wildlife Service (Available from Environmental and Technical Services Division, National Marine Fisheries Service, 525 N.E. Oregon St., Suite 500, Portland, OR 97232.).

Platts, W. S. and F. E. Partridge (1978). Rearing of chinook salmon in tributaries of the South Fork Salmon River, Idaho. Ogden, Utah, USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station.

Polos, J. (1992). Klamath spring chinook cohort reconstruction, US Fish and Wildlife Service, Klamath River Technical Advisory Team.

Polos, J. (1992). Possible reasons for poor performance of the Klamath basin spring chinook run, US Fish and Wildlife Service, Klamath River Technical Advisory Team.

Porter, T. R. Fry emergence trap and holding box. Maple, Ontario, Canada, Ontario Department of Lands and Forests South Bay Mouth Research Branch.

Reichert, M. (1994). Stream temperature analysis and data compilation, Klamath River Basin Number two. Happy Camp, CA, Happy Camp Ranger District, USDA Forest Service.

Reichert, M. and A. Olson (1993). Stream temperature data compilation, Klamath River Basin Number one. Happy Camp, CA, USDA Forest Service, Happy Camp Ranger District.

Reimers, P. E. (1971). The length of residence of juvenile fall chinook salmon in Sixes River, Oregon, Oregon State University.

Reisenbichler, R. R. (1986). Use of spawner-recruit relations to evaluate the effect of degraded environment and increased fishing on the abundance of fall-run chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytcha, in several California streams, South Dakota State University.

Roberts, H. H. (1932). "The first salmon ceremony of the Karuk Indians." American Anthropologist 34: 426-440.

"An ethnomusicologist describes the ceremony and includes song texts. Her informants were two wives of medicine men in 1926." - Joan Berman

Rode, M. (1990). Bull Trout, Salvelinus confluentus suckley, in the McCloud River: status and recovery recommendations, California Department of Fish and Game.

Roelofs, T. D. Current status of California summer steelhead (Salmo gairdneri) stocks and habitat, and recommendations for their management, Region 5, USDA Forest Service.

Shebley, W. H. (1915). "Hatchery and fishery notes." California Fish and Game 3: 187-189.

Shebley, W. H. (1922). "A history of fishcultural [sic] operations in California." California Fish and Game 8: 62-98.

Snyder, J. O. (1924). "Indian methods of fishing on Trinity River and some notes on the king salmon of that stream." California Fish and Game 10: 163-172.

"Describes a weir in 1920 as observed by Fish and Game, including analysis of the catch." - Joan Berman

Snyder, J. O. (1931). "Salmon of the Klamath River, California." Fish Bulletin 34.

Sobel, M. J. and D. B. Botkin Status and future of salmon of western Oregon and Northern California: forecasting spring chinook runs - Draft, The Center for the Study of the Environment.

Soule, M. E., Ed. Conservation Biology: The Science of Scarcity and Diversity. Sunderland, Massachusetts, Sinauer Associates, Inc.

Stone, L. (1897). "Artificial propagation of salmon on the Pacific Coast of the United States with notes on the natural history of the quinnat salmon." Bulletin of the United States Fish Comission for 1896 16: 203-235.

Sullivan, C. M. (1989). Juvenile life history and age composition of mature fall chinook salmon returning to the Klamath River, 1984-1986. Arcata, CA, Humboldt State University.

Suttles, W. (1968). Coping with abundance: subsitence on the northwest coast. Man the Hunter. R. B. Lee and I. DeVore. Chicago, Aldine.

"Uses Yurok and Tolowa examples, citing Gould." - Joan Berman

Swaled, S., R. B. Lauzier, et al. (1986). "Winter habitat preferences of juvenile salmonids in two interior rivers in British Columbia." Canadian Journal of Zoology 64: 1506-1514.

Swezey, S. L. (1975). "The energetics of subsitence-assurance ritual in Native California." University of California Archaeological Research Facility Contributions 23: 1-46.

Swezey, S. L. and R. F. Heizer (1977). "Ritual management of salmonid fish resources in California." Journal of California Anthropology 4(1): 6-29.

"Both of these [Swezey] articles point out the (frequently missed) significance of the spring king salmon run which was of major dietary and cultural importance, but which had pretty much been obliterated by the time ethnographers arrived on the scene due to a variety of factors (gold mining, canneries, etc.). The authors propose a new interpretation, placing major emphasis on the ritual nature of the first (spring) salmon run as a very intensely organized management of the major natural (food) resource of the area." - Joan Berman

Swezey, S. L. (1993). Ritual management of salmonid fish resources in California. Before the Wilderness: Environmental Management by Native Californians. T. C. Blackburn and K. Anderson. Menlo Park, CA, Ballena Press: 299-327.

Sykes, S. D. and L. W. Botsford (1986). "Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, spawning escapement based on multiple mark-recapture of carcasses." Fishery Bulletin, U.S. 84(2): 261-270.

Taft, A. C. and L. Shapovalov (1935). A biological survey of streams and lakes in the Klamath and Shasta National Forests of California. Washington, Department of Commerce, Bureau of Fisheries.

Taylor, E. B. (1988). "Water temperature and velocity as determinants of microhabitats of juvenile chinook and coho salmon in a laboratory stream channel." Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 117: 22-28.

Taylor, E. B. (1990). "Environmental correlates of life-history variation in juvenile chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum)." Journal of Fish Biology 37: 1-17.

Taylor, E. B. (1990). "Phenotypic correlates of life-history variation in juvenile chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha." Journal of Animal Ecology 59: 455-468.

Teel, D. J., G. B. Milner, et al. (2000). "Genetic population structure and origin of life history types in chinook salmon in British Columbia, Canada." Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 129: 194-209.

Thompson, K. L. (1990). Utilization of instream habitat improvement structures for summer rearing by juvenile hatchery and wild steelhead trout in an Idaho stream. Arcata, CA, Humboldt State University.

Titus, R. G. and W. M. Snider (1994). "History and status of steelhead in California coastal drainages south of San Francisco Bay." Hilgardia manuscript accepted for publication.

Tschaplinski, P. J. and G. F. Hartman (1982). Winter distribution of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in Carnation Creek and some implications to overwinter survival. Proceedings of the Carnation Creek Workshop, a 10 year review.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (1989). Analysis of the spring chinook test fishery in the estuary of the Klamath River in 1989 (preliminary), Klamath River Technical Advisory Team.

U.S. Forest Service (1995). Documents submitted to the ESA Administrative Record for west coast chinook salmon by J. Lowe, November 1995, (Available from Environmental and Technical Services Division, National Marine Fisehries Service, 525 N.E. Oregon St., Suite 500, Portland, OR 97232.).

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries. Subcommittee on Fisheries and Wildlife Conservation and the Environment. (1979). Klamath River Indian fishing rights oversight : Hearings before the subcommittee on merchant marine and fisheries. Subcommittee on Fisheries and Wildlife Conservation and the Environment of the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries. Washington DC, U.S. Govt. Print. Off.

"Transcripts of the hearings including testimony by many individuals with differing views. Demonstrates the interrelationship between the Jessie Short case and the current controversy over Indian fishing rights and gill-netting on the Klamath. Some Yuroks felt that if they formed a tribal organization to sole the fishing problems they would forfeit their claim as individuals in the Short case, entitled to a share of the Hoopa Reservation timber money." - Joan Berman

US Bureau of Indian Affairs (1989). Final report on the spring chinook fisheries on the Yurok Indian reservation 1989, Klamath River Fishery Management Council.

USDA Forest Service (1972). Fisheries Management Plan, Klamath National Forest.

USDA Forest Service (1994). South Fork of the Salmon River Ecosystem Analysis. Yreka, CA, Salmon River Ranger District, Klamath National Forest, Pacific Southwest Region.

USDA Forest Service (1995). Main Salmon Ecosystem Analysis. Yreka, CA, Salmon River Ranger District, Klamath National Forest, Pacific Southwest Region.

USDA Forest Service (1995). North Fork Watershed Analysis. Yreka, CA, Salmon River Ranger District, Klamath National Forest, Pacific Southwest Region.

USDA Forest Service (1997). Lower South Fork of the Salmon River Ecosystem Analysis, Salmon River Ranger District, Klamath National Forest, Pacific Southwest Region.

USDA Forest Service (1997). Upper South Fork Salmon River Watershed Ecosystem Analysis. Yreka, CA, Salmon River Ranger District, Klamath National Forest, Pacific Southwest Region.

Utter, F., G. B. Milner, et al. (1989). "Genetic population structure of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawyscha), in the Pacific Northwest." Fishery Bulletin, U.S. 87: 239-264.

Utter, F., D. Teel, et al. (1987). "Genetic estimates of stock compositions of 1983 chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawaytscha, harvests off the Washington coast and Columbia River." Fishery Bulletin, U.S. 85: 13-23.

Utter, F., R. S. Waples, et al. (1992). "Genetic isolation of previously indiguishable chinook salmon populations of the Snake and Klamath Rivers : limitations of negative data." Fishery Bulletin, U.S. 90: 770-777.

Vilkitis, H., C. Poly, et al. (1994). Population genetics of chinook salmon in the Salmon River system, (Available from Environmental and Technical Services Division, National Marine Fisheries Service, 525 N.E. Oregon St., Suite 500, Portland, OR 97232.): 14.

Wallace, M. and B. Collins (1997). "Variation in use of the Klamath River estuary by juvenile chinook salmon." California Fish and Game 83(4): 132-143.

Waples, R. S. (1991). "Pacific salmon, Oncorhynchus spp., and the definition of "species" under the Endangered Species Act." Marine Fisheries Review 53(3): 11-22.

Waples, R. S., G. A. Winans, et al. (1990). "Genetic approaches to the management of Pacific Salmon." Fisheries 15(5): 19-25.

Waterman, T. T. and A. L. Kroeber (1938). "The Kepel Fish Dam." University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 35(6): 49-80.

"Waterman provides the narrative of the entire procedure and Kroeber the two verbatim accounts by informants (collected 1902) and analysis. They describe an enormous ceremony of both economic and ritual importance attended by Tolowa, Karuk, Hupa and Yurok lasting 50-60 days." - Joan Berman

West Coast Chinook Salmon Biological Review Team (1999). Status review update for deferred ESUs of west coast chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) from Washington, Oregon, California, and Idaho, NMFS Northwest Fisheries Science Center.

West, J. R. (1991). A proposed strategy to recover endemic spring-run chinook salmon populations and their habitats in the Klamath River basin. Yreka, CA, US Forest Service.

A review of known information about, and suggestions for management of Klamath River spring chinook. Focuses on the Salmon River run. Data gaps are identified. Major sections include: "existing conditions", desired future conditions", management objectives", "action strategy", and "strategy implementation".

West, J. R., O. Dix, et al. (1989). Evaluation of fish habitat condition and utilization in Salmon, Scott, Shasta, and Mid-Klamath sub-basin tributaries, Klamath National Forest and Shasta-Trinity National Forest.

Winans, G. A., D. Viele, et al. (2001). "An update of genetic stock identification of chinook salmon in the Pacific Northwest: test fisheries in California." Reviews in Fisheries Science 9(4): 213-237.

Yip, G. M. (1994). Genetic differentiation of chinook salmon (Onchorynchus tshawytscha) runs at Trinity River Hatchery, California. Arcata, CA, Humboldt State University.

Yip, G. M., T. J. Hassler, et al. (1996). Genetic variation, differentiation, and relationships of spring-and fall-run salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) at Trinity River Hatchery, California. Eureka, CA, National Biological Service, California Cooperative Fishery Research Unit.